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ville area fell into this latter category of miners who became farmers. Contributing to the damaged reputation of Colorado during the 1860's, was the frantic search for a process to extract gold from ore -bearing rock. This often took on aspects of quack alchemy until Nathanial Kill's success in developing a smelting process in 1867. The Civil War put an additional break on immigration, as well as the real or imagined threats of Indian disturbances. The Cheyenne and Arapahoes, who had been restricted by treaty to hunting grounds between the South Platte and the Arkansas -as early as 1851, had continued to hunt the abundant game of the Boulder valley at the time of their contact with the first wave of white prospectors. In fact, the rich soils of the plains east of Boulder supported natural grasses which served as the fall and winter grazing lands for countless elk, deer, buffalo and antelope. The region was naturally a favorite hunting ground for the Cheyenne and Arapahoe as it had been for the Comanche and Kiowa during the 18th century before they were displaced'to the south and east. Despite an uneasy truce between the Indians and the gold seekers, in 1860 the government again responded to pressures to restrict the Cheyenne and Arapahoe to reservation lands near Sand Creek, with the intention of turning their nomadic hunting lifestyle iato one of settled farming. The failure of this plan and the growing fear that the Indians were conspiring to stage a massive attack upon the new settlers prompted the tragedy of the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864. Several Boulder volunteers aided Colonel Chivington in the surprise raid which crushed - izher tribea, which indicates the sentiment of removing the Indians permanently from the area was very strong. This was accomplished by the Medi- cine Lodge Creek Treaty three years later which removed the tribes to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. An unprecedented era of new white settlement reached eastern Colorado following the final Indian defeat at the Battle of Summit Springs in 1869. It is into this picture of Indian removal, with the coming of railroads, smelters, and new immigrants, that the history of Louisville takes on greater focus.