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Boulder Hazard Mitigation Plan Introduction Figure 1-5 Map Showing the Various Boundaries of Indigenous American Tribes in What is Now the United States k•,. ,Cv.. H,�., ryl,,��n•d In addition to the disenfranchisement of Native Americans, practices such as "redlining," where the Federal Housing Authority refused to insure mortgages in and around Black neighborhoods, have created massive income inequalities between races, and continue to segregate communities of color into areas with more pollution, less economic opportunity, and higher rates of incarceration. Redlining is an example of the deep entrenchment of racism and racist policies within federal, state, and local governments that historic prejudice and bias have created and still uphold today. These government funded "Jim Crow" policies that barred Black and other people of color from the opportunities, facilities, and cultural institutions of White America, have made race the single greatest disparity in terms of economic and educational achievement, public health, and all other components of social systems within the current United States. Though most segregation laws have been technically removed, in practice many of their impacts still remain, and continue to affect BIPOC across the country. Laws that discriminate specifically against Black people have been replaced by less overtly racist policies such as revitalization and civic improvement efforts; many of which serve to displace entire Black communities from affordable housing. The resulting neighborhoods are upgraded and improved or gentrified for White families that can afford higher rents and home prices. Other so-called public safety policies such as stop and frisk and stand your ground laws are aimed directly at BIPOC and immigrant communities. This over policing has resulted in the mass incarceration of Black people, especially Black men. Today in the United States, one out of every three Black boys will be sentenced to prison in their lifetime, compared with one out of six for Latinos, and one out of 17 for White boys (NAACP 2020). These racist policies are directly responsible for generational cycles of poverty, lost economic and educational opportunities, and severe disparities in mental and physical health between races in the United States. Home Ownership, Insurance, and Reinsurance In addition to marginalizing and stifling the growth of communities of color, the practice of redlining and its continued effects have exacerbated the impact of hazards, reduced resource access, and ensured highly finite and fragile mechanisms of resilience within BIPOC communities. The impacts of systemic racism within the housing market are so stark, that Black homeownership has lagged far behind White homeownership for decades. Estimates on the overall equity gap that these policies contribute to indicate that it would take Black families over 200 years to accumulate the same amount of wealth that White people possess, and this